上周没讲专题，我们这周补上，另外，我身体没什么事情，各位不用再问我问题前加句前言不搭后语的话：老师，听说你身体不好，一定要注意哦！天气太热了；我问你个问题。。。。，让我感觉前后内容完全脱节，还是直接问吧，别绕了，又绕不好！ Comparable worth, as a standard applied to eliminate inequities in pay, insists that the values of certain tasks performed in dissimilar jobs can be compared. In the last decade, this approach has become a critical social policy issue, as large numbers of private-sector firms and industries as well as federal, state, and local governmental entities have adopted comparable worth policies or begun to consider doing so. This widespread institutional awareness of comparable worth indicates increased public awareness that pay inequities--that is, situations in which pay is not "fair" because it does not reflect the true value of a job--exist in the labor market. However, the question still remains: have the gains already made in pay equity under comparable worth principles been of a precedent-setting nature or are they mostly transitory, a function of concessions made by employers to mislead female employees into believing that they have made long-term pay equity gains? Comparable worth pay adjustments are indeed precedent-setting. Because of the principles driving them, other mandates that can be applied to reduce or eliminate unjustified pay gaps between male and female workers have not remedied perceived pay inequities satisfactorily for the litigants in cases in which men and women hold different jobs. But whenever comparable worth principles are applied to pay schedules, perceived unjustified pay differences are eliminated. In this sense, then, comparable worth is more comprehensive than other mandates, such as the Equal Pay Act of 1963 and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Neither compares tasks in dissimilar jobs (that is, jobs across occupational categories) in an effort to determine whether or not what is necessary to perform these tasks--know-how, problem-solving, and accountability--can be quantified in terms of its dollar value to the employer. Comparable worth, on the other hand, takes as its premise that certain tasks in dissimilar jobs may require a similar amount of training, effort, and skill; may carry similar responsibility; may be carried on in an environment having a similar impact upon the worker; and may have a similar dollar value to the employer. Question #43. 281-01 (23269-!-item-!-188;#058&000281-01) Which of the following most accurately states the central purpose of the passage? (A) To criticize the implementation of a new procedure (B) To assess the significance of a change in policy (C) To illustrate how a new standard alters procedures (D) To explain how a new policy is applied in specific cases (E) To summarize the changes made to date as a result of social policy Many United States companies believe that the rising cost of employees' health care benefits has hurt the country's competitive position in the global market by raising production costs and thus increasing the prices of exported and domestically sold goods. As a result, these companies have shifted health care costs to employees in the form of wage deductions or high deductibles. This strategy, however, has actually hindered companies' competitiveness. For example, cost shifting threatens employees' health because many do not seek preventive screening. Also, labor relations have been damaged: the percentage of strikes in which health benefits were a major issue rose from 18 percent in 1986 to 78 percent in 1989. Health care costs can be managed more effectively if companies intervene in the supply side of health care delivery just as they do with other key suppliers: strategies used to procure components necessary for production would work in procuring health care. For example, the make/buy decision--the decision whether to produce or purchase parts used in making a product--can be applied to health care. At one company, for example, employees receive health care at an on-site clinic maintained by the company. The clinic fosters morale, resulting in a low rate of employees leaving the company. Additionally, the company has constrained the growth of health care costs while expanding medical services. Question #47. 323-01 (23463-!-item-!-188;#058&000323-01) The passage is primarily concerned with (A) providing support for a traditional theory (B) comparing several explanations for a problem (C) summarizing a well-known research study (D) recommending an alternative approach (E) criticizing the work of a researcher Dendrochronology, the study of tree-ring records to glean information about the past, is possible because each year a tree adds a new layer of wood between the existing wood and the bark. In temperate and subpolar climates, cells added at the growing season's start are large and thin-walled, but later the new cells that develop are smaller and thick-walled; the growing season is followed by a period of dormancy. When a tree trunk is viewed in cross section, a boundary line is normally visible between the small-celled wood added at the end of the growing season in the previous year and the large-celled spring wood of the following year's growing season. The annual growth pattern appears as a series of larger and larger rings. In wet years rings are broad; during drought years they are narrow, since the trees grow less. Often, ring patterns of dead trees of different, but overlapping, ages can be correlated to provide an extended index of past climate conditions. However, trees that grew in areas with a steady supply of groundwater show little variation in ring width from year to year; these "complacent" rings tell nothing about changes in climate. And trees in extremely dry regions may go a year or two without adding any rings, thereby introducing uncertainties into the count. Certain species sometimes add more than one ring in a single year, when growth halts temporarily and then starts again. The passage is primarily concerned with (A) evaluating the effect of climate on the growth of trees of different species (B) questioning the validity of a method used to study tree-ring records (C) explaining how climatic conditions can be deduced from tree-ring patterns (D) outlining the relation between tree size and cell structure within the tree (E) tracing the development of a scientific method of analyzing tree-ring patterns What kinds of property rights apply to Algonquian family hunting territories, and how did they come to be? The dominant view in recent decades has been that family hunting territories, like other forms of private landownership, were not found among Algonquians (a group of North American Indian tribes) before contact with Europeans but are the result of changes in Algonquian society brought about by the European-Algonquian fur trade, in combination with other factors such as ecological changes and consequent shifts in wildlife harvesting patterns. Another view claims that Algonquian family hunting territories predate contact with Europeans and are forms of private landownership by individuals and families. More recent fieldwork, however, has shown that individual and family rights to hunting territories form part of a larger land-use system of multifamilial hunting groups, that rights to hunting territories at this larger community level take precedence over those at the individual or family level, and that this system reflects a concept of spiritual and social reciprocity that conflicts with European concepts of private property. In short, there are now strong reasons to think that it was erroneous to claim that Algonquian family hunting territories ever were, or were becoming, a kind of private property system. Question #53. 351-01 (23751-!-item-!-188;#058&000351-01) The primary purpose of the passage is to (A) provide an explanation for an unexpected phenomenon (B) suggest that a particular question has yet to be answered (C) present a new perspective on an issue (D) defend a traditional view from attack (E) reconcile opposing sides of an argument Many people believe that because wages are lower in developing countries than in developed countries, competition from developing countries in goods traded internationally will soon eliminate large numbers of jobs in developed countries. Currently, developed countries' advanced technology results in higher productivity, which accounts for their higher wages. Advanced technology is being transferred ever more speedily across borders, but even with the latest technology, productivity and wages in developing countries will remain lower than in developed countries for many years because developed countries have better infrastructure and better-educated workers. When productivity in a developing country does catch up, experience suggests that wages there will rise. Some individual firms in developing countries have raised their productivity but kept their wages (which are influenced by average productivity in the country's economy) low. However, in a developing country's economy as a whole, productivity improvements in goods traded internationally are likely to cause an increase in wages. Furthermore, if wages are not allowed to rise, the value of the country's currency will appreciate, which (from the developed countries' point of view) is the equivalent of increased wages in the developing country. And although in the past a few countries have deliberately kept their currencies undervalued, that is now much harder to do in a world where capital moves more freely. Question #56. 549-01 (23894-!-item-!-188;#058&000549-01) The primary purpose of the passage is to (A) identify the origin of a common misconception (B) discuss the implications of a generally accepted principle (C) present information relevant in evaluating a commonly held belief (D) defend a controversial assertion against a variety of counterarguments (E) explain under what circumstances a well-known phenomenon occurs A recent study has provided clues to predator-prey dynamics in the late Pleistocene era. Researchers compared the number of tooth fractures in present-day carnivores with tooth fractures in carnivores that lived 36,000 to 10,000 years ago and that were preserved in the Rancho La Brea tar pits in Los Angeles. The breakage frequencies in the extinct species were strikingly higher than those in the present-day species. In considering possible explanations for this finding, the researchers dismissed demographic bias because older individuals were not overrepresented in the fossil samples. They rejected preservational bias because a total absence of breakage in two extinct species demonstrated that the fractures were not the result of abrasion within the pits. They ruled out local bias because breakage data obtained from other Pleistocene sites were similar to the La Brea data. The explanation they consider most plausible is behavioral differences between extinct and present-day carnivores--in particular, more contact between the teeth of predators and the bones of prey due to more thorough consumption of carcasses by the extinct species. Such thorough carcass consumption implies to the researchers either that prey availability was low, at least seasonally, or that there was intense competition over kills and a high rate of carcass theft due to relatively high predator densities. Question #59. 560-01 (24039-!-item-!-188;#058&000560-01) The primary purpose of the passage is to (A) present several explanations for a well-known fact (B) suggest alternative methods for resolving a debate (C) argue in favor of a controversial theory (D) question the methodology used in a study (E) discuss the implications of a research finding

请问唐塘老师此题如何通过对比选项出答案? A有Fail主观 B引号原文内容 E success CD如何选择呢

王文静老师，我想问两道包含be likely to的比较题，第一道我选了a,在abc里面抉择的时候，我觉得a more than没有什么问题，就没去看c了，况且比..多4倍和与...的4倍一样多语义也不一样啊，在a语义没有错误的情况下，不是不应该随意篡改语义吗。而且看到a把are补出来了，用to do还比b用从句连接更加连贯，就选了a。 第二题我选了d,这题我不会，特别是b what我不知道为什么不能指代the patterns of stress

王文静老师，我想请问下这道题目 我看懂了原文：只有可以注射的流感疫苗可以提供，父母不愿意让孩子经历注射的痛苦而孩子也不愿意。但成年人一般会有这个并发症的危险并普遍注射了疫苗。目前一种新的NS的流感疫苗对孩子是有效的，但因为孩子很少会有这个并发症危险，孩子们接种这个新的疫苗不会对社会健康带来很大的好处。我没看出来这个题目有啥逻辑链，我觉的说的很对啊，因为孩子不需要疫苗因此这个新的NS疫苗不会对社会健康带来很大的好处。我无法理解正确答案D。我选E的理由是孩子不需要这个新疫苗，而对大人最有效，也就说明了对孩子大量使用这个疫苗并没有什么好处。

问： 王文静老师麻烦教一下这道题目，我选了b,排除了a,因为我觉得a里面不能用it,1990-2000的经济和农耕文化开始的1000年里面的经济不一样啊，it不是指 between 1990 and 2000 the global economy吗，我觉得要用that.就比如一道小汽车的题目(见下图):由于现代技术的发展，现在的小汽车要比以往任何时候的小汽车都省油。这个小汽车就是不同时代的比较啊。然后c我排除的原因是that which had been时态不对，d it has been这里面的it指的是前面的the growth of the global economy between 1990 and 2000, E名词和主谓比不对等。不知道这样看对吗?

提问： 王文静老师，我想问个关于',＋doing'和and的问题，下面整理的问题，我都是在这个地方出现犹豫或者选错,真的是屡做屡错，字有点多，麻烦老师看下啦 Q849是一个句子＋doing的结构，letting引导的是一个对前面动作进行补充解释的动作，与前面的句子是有关系的，所以不能用and去连接，因为and连的是相互独立的没有关系的动作或者事情 Q851 gives mouth和displace grasses并列，造成的结果用rendering作为引导跟在后面，也算是补充解释 Q862也是句子＋,＋doing作为前面一整个句子的补充解释 但是问题来了，Q858 B选项，south are hunting crops and therefore raising这个为什么能对? and不是连接相互独立的两个部分吗，那therefore就是表示因果关系的啊，这不是矛盾了吗，还是这道题目主要的考点不在这里而在于平行，所以有瑕疵也是可以容忍的? Q 865虽然正确选项B可以通过其他考点排除，但是'overcompensating，growing'为啥不好呢，growing an extra one or two不能作overcompensating的补充解释吗，这里有必须选and不选doing,doing的理由吗？

提问：(上次老师的录音听不见声音，貌似是离话筒太远还是啥原因，麻烦老师再教一次，不好意思啦) 王文静老师，这道题目可以麻烦你讲解一下每个选项吗？句子意思我读懂了，后面选的应该是修饰us stock market的，但是我选不出来。然后如果有一些引申考点，麻烦老师也帮忙拎一下，谢谢

王文静老师，我这道题目不知道要不要用你上课教的补充完整的方法，than是可以补的，但是exceed我就不清楚了，我说一下我的思路 a.rates 不能和other immigrant group去比 b.如果直接看的话，rates 不能和immigrant group 比。但是我如果补足的话，mideast immigrants are exhiting rates of entrepreneurship exceeding virtually every other immigrant group (do) in the...就是主语比较 c.直接看的话rates 对those是对的，但是!上课主谓宾比较第一道例题题目的c选项是错误的，它是这样的:wild animals have less total fat than that of livestock fes on grain and have more fat of a kind thought to be good for cardiac health,错误原因是than后面补全的话就是wild animals have that of livestock逻辑错误。这道题目c选项补全immigrants from the mideast exhibit rates of entrepreneurship exceeding (immigrants from the mideast exhibiting ) those of virtually every other immigrant group in the increasingly diverse united states economy..不是不对吗，我觉得这两道题的c好像啊 D.同B的错误 E.谓语动词单复数错误 请老师帮忙解答一下，谢谢！到底要不要补全，还是直接简单看看就好，到底c为啥在这道题目对，以前的例题又错

陆旭老师，麻烦帮忙看下这道题目的B和E选项，我选了E。这道题目我理了一下: R的人民医疗保障的普及程度比T地高 ,R地大多数病的死亡率比T第低，但是R地男性中死于PC的比率要远远高于T地。问矛盾产生的原因。我就猜测答案一定是指出两个地方的不同之处，才能导致这种情况产生。那么E里面只讲了R地得病的男性很多人是因为没有好好利用这个医疗才死的，的确只说了R地，就是自己和自己比，如果非得说正是因为他们没有好好利用才导致T地的人死得少，那么就过度推理了。我后来想了下，如果R地100个男性里面99个得了这个PC，98个没有好好利用死掉了，那么T地100个男性里面99个得了这个PC，98个人因为没有医疗保障死掉了，这根本没法比。但问题是，B不是也只说了T地吗，T地很多男性无法活到得这个病的年龄，自然男性中死亡率就降低了，但是我怎么知道R地的男性能活到那个时候呢，里面又没有明确指出T与R的对比关系，这是不是也存在过度推理？同时，第一句话在我做题的时候充当什么角色呢，不是premise吗？

陆旭老师，我有一些做过的assumption题目取非的句子搞不清，你能帮忙看下吗(不说这道题目的解题思路，单纯就是取非问题，特别是双重否定或者从句里面有否定词） 1.No part of a person’s brain that is damaged by a stroke ever recovers.---> some part of a person's brain that is damaged by a stroke ever recovers. 2.Impairment of linguistic capabilities does not occur in people who have not suffered any damage to any language center of the brain.这个句子我不太会取非，正过来说这个句子就是Impairment of linguistic capabilities occurs in people who have suffered any damage to any language center of the brain.那么我取非是Impairment of linguistic capabilities occurs in people who have not suffered any damage to any language center of the brain. 3.If there are language centers on the left side of the brain, any serious stroke affecting that side of the brain damages at least one of them. 取非If there are language centers on the left side of the brain, any serious stroke affecting that side of the brain damages nothing of them. 4.这题出现两个not The collection fee will not significantly affect the purchasing power of most residents, even if their households do not reduce the amount of trash they put out. 我取非直接去前面的not: The collection fee will significantly affect the purchasing power of most residents, even if their households do not reduce the amount of trash they put out. 5.这个也差不多 Not all steel producers were unaffected by country A’s newly imposed tariffs. 我取非All steel producers were unaffected bycountry A’s newly imposed tariffs. 6.There are no plants native to western Africa that, if domesticated, could serve as staple food crops. 这个if domesticated是不是可以不管，直接改成There are some plants native to western Africa that, if domesticated, could serve as staple food crops.

陆旭老师，我选了D.请问这道题目D选项怎么理解呢？是可以加强还是无关呢？然后我做这道题目的时候，CE选项觉得比较强烈，AB不是很强烈，D是最不强烈的。希望老师能解答下。还有least strengthen我觉得很难看出来，是找最indirect的那个吗？