Line	Human beings, born with a drive to explore and
	experiment, thrive on learning. Unfortunately,
	corporations are oriented predominantly toward
	controlling employees, not fostering their learning.
(5)	Ironically, this orientation creates the very
	conditions that predestine employees to mediocre
	performances. Over time, superior performance
	requires superior learning, because long-term
	corporate survival depends on continually exploring
(10)	new business and organizational opportunities that
	can create new sources of growth.
	To survive in the future, corporations must
	become “learning organizations,” enterprises that
	are constantly able to adapt and expand their
(15)	capabilities. To accomplish this, corporations must
	change how they view employees. The traditional
	view that a single charismatic leader should set the
	corporation’s direction and make key decisions is
	rooted in an individualistic worldview. In an
(20)	increasingly interdependent world, such a view is no
	longer viable. In learning organizations, thinking and
	acting are integrated at all job levels. Corporate
	leadership is shared, and leaders become
	designers, teachers, and stewards, roles requiring
(25)	new skills: the ability to build shared vision, to
	reveal and challenge prevailing mental models, and
	to foster broader, more integrated patterns of
	thinking. In short, leaders in learning organizations
	are responsible for building organizations in which
(30)	employees are continually learning new skills and
	expanding their capabilities to shape their future.

Line	Micro-wear patterns found on the teeth of long-
	extinct specimens of the primate species
	australopithecine may provide evidence about their
	diets. For example, on the basis of tooth micro-wear
(5)	patterns, Walker dismisses Jolly’s hypothesis that
	australopithecines ate hard seeds. He also disputes
	Szalay’s suggestion that the heavy enamel of
	australopithecine teeth is an adaptation to bone
	crunching, since both seed cracking and bone
(10)	crunching produce distinctive micro-wear
	characteristics on teeth. His conclusion that
	australopithecines were frugivores (fruit eaters) is
	based upon his observation that the tooth micro-
	wear characteristics of east African
(15)	australopithecine specimens are indistinguishable
	from those of chimpanzees and orangutans, which
	are commonly assumed to be frugivorous primates.
	However, research on the diets of
	contemporary primates suggests that micro-wear
(20)	studies may have limited utility in determining the
	foods that are actually eaten. For example, insect
	eating, which can cause distinct micro-wear
	patterns, would not cause much tooth abrasion in
	modern baboons, who eat only soft-bodied insects
(25)	rather than hard-bodied insects. In addition, the
	diets of current omnivorous primates vary
	considerably depending on the environments that
	different groups within a primate species inhabit; if
	australopithecines were omnivores too, we might
(30)	expect to find considerable population variation in
	their tooth micro-wear patterns. Thus, Walker’s
	description of possible australopithecine diets may
	need to be expanded to include a much more
	diverse diet.

Two recent publications offer different assessments of the career of the famous British nurse Florence Nightingale. A book by Anne Summers seeks to debunk the idealizations and present a reality at odds with Nightingale's heroic reputation. According to Summers, Nightingale's importance during the Crimean War has been exaggerated: not until near the war's end did she become supervisor of the female nurses. Additionally, Summers writes that the contribution of the nurses to the relief of the wounded was at best marginal. The prevailing problems of military medicine were caused by army organizational practices, and the addition of a few nurses to the medical staff could be no more than symbolic. Nightingale's place in the national pantheon, Summers asserts, is largely due to the propagandists efforts of contemporary newspaper reporters.
By contrast, the editors of a new volume of Nightingale's letters view Nightingale as a person who significantly influenced not only her own age but also subsequent generations. They highlight her ongoing efforts to reform sanitary conditions after the war. For example, when she learned that peacetime living conditions in British barracks were so horrible that the death rate of enlisted men far exceeded that of neighboring civilian populations, she succeeded in persuading the government to establish a Royal Commission on the Health of the Army. She used sums raised through public contributions to found a nurses' training hospital in London. Even in administrative matters, the editors assert, her practical intelligence was formidable: as recently as 1947 the British Army's medical services were still using the cost-accounting system she had devised in the 1860's.
I believe that the evidence of her letters supports continued respect for Nightingale's brilliance and creativity. When counseling a village schoolmaster to encourage children to use their faculties of observation, she sounds like a modern educator. Her insistence on classifying the problems of the needy in order to devise appropriate treatments is similar to the approach of modern social workers. In sum, although Nightingale may not have achieved all of her goals during the Crimean War, her breadth of vision and ability to realize ambitious projects have earned her an eminent place among the ranks of social pioneers.