[Problem Solving]
试题详情
题目:
If y is the smallest positive integer such that 3,150 multiplied by y is the square of an integer, then y must be
选项:
A、2
B、5
C、6
D、7
E、14
答案:
E
Line | Jon Clarks study of the effect of the modernization |
of a telephone exchange on exchange maintenance | |
work and workers is a solid contribution to a debate | |
that encompasses two lively issues in the history and | |
(5) | sociology of technology: technological determinism |
and social constructivism. | |
Clark makes the point that the characteristics of a | |
technology have a decisive influence on job skills and | |
work organization. Put more strongly, technology can | |
(10) | be a primary determinant of social and managerial |
organization. Clark believes this possibility has | |
been obscured by the recent sociological fashion, | |
exemplified by Bravermans analysis, that emphasizes | |
the way machinery reflects social choices. For | |
(15) | Braverman, the shape of a technological system is |
subordinate to the managers desire to wrest control | |
of the labor process from the workers. Technological | |
change is construed as the outcome of negotiations | |
among interested parties who seek to incorporate | |
(20) | their own interests into the design and configuration |
of the machinery. This position represents the new | |
mainstream called social constructivism. | |
The constructivists gain acceptance by | |
misrepresenting technological determinism: | |
(25) | technological determinists are supposed to believe, |
for example, that machinery imposes appropriate | |
forms of order on society. The alternative to | |
constructivism, in other words, is to view technology | |
as existing outside society, capable of directly | |
(30) | influencing skills and work organization. |
Clark refutes the extremes of the constructivists | |
by both theoretical and empirical arguments. | |
Theoretically he defines technology in terms of | |
relationships between social and technical variables. | |
(35) | Attempts to reduce the meaning of technology to |
cold, hard metal are bound to fail, for machinery is | |
just scrap unless it is organized functionally and | |
supported by appropriate systems of operation and | |
maintenance. At the empirical level Clark shows how | |
(40) | a change at the telephone exchange from |
maintenance-intensive electromechanical switches | |
to semielectronic switching systems altered work | |
tasks, skills, training opportunities, administration, | |
and organization of workers. Some changes Clark | |
(45) | attributes to the particular way management and |
labor unions negotiated the introduction of the | |
technology, whereas others are seen as arising from | |
the capabilities and nature of the technology itself. | |
Thus Clark helps answer the question: When is | |
(50) | social choice decisive and when are the concrete |
characteristics of technology more important? |