[Data Sufficiency]
试题详情
题目:
- Before the exchange, Bowl X contained 2 black jelly beans.
- After the exchange, Bowl Y contained 1 jelly bean of each color.
| Line | While the most abundant and dominant species |
| within a particular ecosystem is often crucial in | |
| perpetuating the ecosystem, a “keystone” species, | |
| here defined as one whose effects are much larger | |
| (5) | than would be predicted from its abundance, can |
| also play a vital role. But because complex species | |
| interactions may be involved, identifying a keystone | |
| species by removing the species and observing | |
| changes in the ecosystem is problematic. It might | |
| (10) | seem that certain traits would clearly define a species |
| as a keystone species; for example, | |
| Pisaster ochraceus is often a keystone predator | |
| because it consumes and suppresses mussel | |
| populations, which in the absence of this starfish | |
| (15) | can be a dominant species. But such predation on a |
| dominant or potentially dominant species occurs in | |
| systems that do as well as in systems that do not | |
| have species that play keystone roles. Moreover, | |
| whereas P. ochraceus occupies an unambiguous | |
| (20) | keystone role on wave-exposed rocky headlands, |
| in more wave-sheltered habitats the impact of | |
| P. ochraceus predation is weak or nonexistent, | |
| and at certain sites sand burial is responsible for | |
| eliminating mussels. Keystone status appears to | |
| (25) | depend on context, whether of particular |
| geography or of such factors as community | |
| diversity (for example, a reduction in species | |
| diversity may thrust more of the remaining species | |
| into keystone roles) and length of species | |
| (30) | interaction (since newly arrived species in particular |
| may dramatically affect ecosystems). |
Plant scientists have used genetic engineering on seeds to produce crop plants that are highly resistant to insect damage. Unfortunately, the seeds themselves are quite expensive, and the plants require more fertilizer and water to grow well than normal ones. Accordingly, for most farmers the savings on pesticides would not compensate for the higher seed costs and the cost of additional fertilizer. However, since consumer demand for grains, fruits, and vegetables grown without the use of pesticides continues to rise, the use of genetically engineered seeds of this kind is likely to become widespread.
In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?
. What is the sum of the integers from n to m, inclusive, where
?
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Biologist: Species with broad geographic ranges probably tend to endure longer than species with narrow ranges. The broader a species’ range, the more likely that species is to survive the extinction of populations in a few areas. Therefore, it is likely that the proportion of species with broad ranges tends to gradually increase with time.
The biologist’s conclusion follows logically from the above if which of the following is assumed?
Colonial historian David Allen's intensive study of five communities in seventeenth-century Massachusetts is a model of meticulous scholarship on the detailed microcosmic level, and is convincing up to a point. Allen suggests that much more coherence and direct continuity existed between English and colonial agricultural practices and administrative organization than other historians have suggested. However, he overstates his case with the declaration that he has proved "the remarkable extent to which diversity in New England local institutions was directly imitative of regional differences in the mother country."
Such an assertion ignores critical differences between seventeenth-century England and New England. First, England was overcrowded and land-hungry; New England was sparsely populated and labor-hungry. Second, England suffered the normal European rate of mortality; New England, especially in the first generation of English colonists, was virtually free from infectious diseases. Third, England had an all-embracing state church; in New England membership in a church was restricted to the elect. Fourth, a high proportion of English villagers lived under paternalistic resident squires; no such class existed in New England. By narrowing his focus to village institutions and ignoring these critical differences, which studies by Greven, Demos, and Lockridge have shown to be so important, Allen has created a somewhat distorted picture of reality.
Allen's work is a rather extreme example of the "country community" school of seventeenth-century English history whose intemperate excesses in removing all national issues from the history of that period have been exposed by Professor Clive Holmes. What conclusion can be drawn, for example, from Allen's discovery that Puritan clergy who had come to the colonies from East Anglia were one-third to one-half as likely to return to England by 1660 as were Puritan ministers from western and northern England? We are not told in what way, if at all, this discovery illuminates historical understanding. Studies of local history have enormously expanded our horizons, but it is a mistake for their authors to conclude that village institutions are all that mattered, simply because their functions are all that the records of village institutions reveal.