[Critical Reasoning]
试题详情
题目:
Which one of the following indicates an error in the reasons in the passage?
| Line | Manufacturers have to do more than build large |
| manufacturing plants to realize economies of scale. | |
| It is true that as the capacity of a manufacturing | |
| operation rises, costs per unit of output fall as plant | |
| (5) | size approaches minimum efficient scale, where the |
| cost per unit of output reaches a minimum, | |
| determined roughly by the state of existing technology | |
| and size of the potential market. However, minimum | |
| efficient scale cannot be fully realized unless a steady | |
| (10) | throughput (the flow of materials through a plant) is |
| attained. The throughput needed to maintain the | |
| optimal scale of production requires careful | |
| coordination not only of the flow of goods through the | |
| production process, but also of the flow of input from | |
| (15) | suppliers and the flow of output to wholesalers and |
| final consumers. If throughput falls below a critical | |
| point, unit costs rise sharply and profits disappear. A | |
| manufacturers fixed costs and sunk costs (original | |
| capital investment in the physical plant) do not | |
| (20) | decrease when production declines due to inadequate |
| supplies of raw materials, problems on the factory | |
| floor, or inefficient sales networks. Consequently, | |
| potential economies of scale are based on the | |
| physical and engineering characteristics of the | |
| (25) | production facilities—that is, on tangible capital—but |
| realized economies of scale are operational and | |
| organizational, and depend on knowledge, skills, | |
| experience, and teamwork—that is, on organized | |
| human capabilities, or intangible capital. | |
| (30) | The importance of investing in intangible capital |
| becomes obvious when one looks at what happens in | |
| new capital-intensive manufacturing industries. Such | |
| industries are quickly dominated, not by the first firms | |
| to acquire technologically sophisticated plants of | |
| (35) | theoretically optimal size, but rather by the first to |
| exploit the full potential of such plants. Once some | |
| firms achieve this, a market becomes extremely hard | |
| to enter. Challengers must construct comparable | |
| plants and do so after the first movers have already | |
| (40) | worked out problems with suppliers or with new |
| production processes. Challengers must create | |
| distribution networks and marketing systems in | |
| markets where first movers have all the contacts and | |
| know-how. And challengers must recruit management | |
| (45) | teams to compete with those that have already |
| mastered these functional and strategic activities. |
On Days 1 through 4 of a recent week, Product X was out of stock at Retailer R. Day 1 shoppers are those shoppers who came to Retailer R on Day 1 of that week seeking Product X. For each of the first 3 days of that week, the graph shows the subsequent behavior of all the Day 1 shoppers who came to Retailer R seeking Product X on that day. Shoppers at Retailer R who purchased a different item in lieu of Product X paid an average of 30% more for the item.
From each drop-down menu, select the option that creates the most accurate statement based on the information provided.
% of Day 1 shoppers returned to the store on Day 3.
Shoppers at Retailer R who purchased substitute items from other manufacturers on Day 1 paid a total amount that was approximately % of the total all Day 1 shoppers would have paid had each of them been able to purchase Product X on Day 1.





| Line | In the Sonoran Desert of northwestern Mexico and |
| southern Arizona, the flowers of several species of | |
| columnar cacti—cardon, saguaro, and organ | |
| pipe—were once exclusively pollinated at night by | |
| (5) | nectar-feeding bats, as their close relatives in arid |
| tropical regions of southern Mexico still are. In these | |
| tropical regions, diurnal (daytime) visitors to columnar | |
| cactus flowers are ineffective pollinators because, | |
| by sunrise, the flowers' stigmas become unreceptive | |
| (10) | or the flowers close. Yet the flowers of the Sonoran |
| Desert cacti have evolved to remain open after sunrise, | |
| allowing pollination by such diurnal visitors as bees and | |
| birds. Why have these cacti expanded their range of | |
| pollinators by remaining open and receptive in daylight? | |
| (15) | This development at the northernmost range of |
| columnar cacti may be due to a yearly variation in the | |
| abundance—and hence the reliability—of migratory | |
| nectar-feeding bats. Pollinators can be unreliable | |
| for several reasons. They can be dietary generalists | |
| (20) | whose fidelity to a particular species depends on |
| the availability of alternative food sources. Or, they | |
| can be dietary specialists, but their abundance may | |
| vary widely from year to year, resulting in variable | |
| pollination of their preferred food species. Finally, they | |
| (25) | may be dietary specialists, but their abundance may |
| be chronically low relative to the availability of flowers. | |
| Recent data reveals that during spring in the | |
| Sonoran Desert, the nectar-feeding bats are | |
| specialists feeding on cardon, saguaro, and | |
| (30) | organpipe flowers. However, whereas cactus-flower |
| abundance tends to be high during spring, bat | |
| population densities tend to be low except near | |
| maternity roosts. Moreover, in spring, diurnal cactus- | |
| pollinating birds are significantly more abundant in | |
| (35) | this region than are the nocturnal bats. Thus, with bats |
| being unreliable cactus-flower pollinators, and daytime | |
| pollinators more abundant and therefore more reliable, | |
| selection favors the cactus flowers with traits that | |
| increase their range of pollinators. While data suggest | |
| (40) | that population densities of nectar-feeding bats are |
| also low in tropical areas of southern Mexico, where | |
| bats are the exclusive pollinators of many species | |
| of columnar cacti, cactus-flower density and bat | |
| population density appear to be much more evenly | |
| (45) | balanced there: compared with the Sonoran Desert's |
| cardon and saguaro, columnar cacti in southern Mexico | |
| produce far fewer flowers per night. Accordingly, | |
| despite their low population density, bats are able to | |
| pollinate nearly 100 percent of the available flowers. |