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[Reading Comprehension]

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文章：

Line         Jon Clark’s study of the effect of the modernization
  of a telephone exchange on exchange maintenance
  work and workers is a solid contribution to a debate
  that encompasses two lively issues in the history and
(5) sociology of technology: technological determinism
  and social constructivism.
       Clark makes the point that the characteristics of a
  technology have a decisive influence on job skills and
  work organization. Put more strongly, technology can
(10) be a primary determinant of social and managerial
  organization. Clark believes this possibility has
  been obscured by the recent sociological fashion,
  exemplified by Braverman’s analysis, that emphasizes
  the way machinery reflects social choices. For
(15) Braverman, the shape of a technological system is
  subordinate to the manager’s desire to wrest control
  of the labor process from the workers. Technological
  change is construed as the outcome of negotiations
  among interested parties who seek to incorporate
(20) their own interests into the design and configuration
  of the machinery. This position represents the new
  mainstream called social constructivism.
       The constructivists gain acceptance by
  misrepresenting technological determinism:
(25) technological determinists are supposed to believe,
  for example, that machinery imposes appropriate
  forms of order on society. The alternative to
  constructivism, in other words, is to view technology
  as existing outside society, capable of directly
(30) influencing skills and work organization.
       Clark refutes the extremes of the constructivists
  by both theoretical and empirical arguments.
  Theoretically he defines “technology” in terms of
  relationships between social and technical variables.
(35) Attempts to reduce the meaning of technology to
  cold, hard metal are bound to fail, for machinery is
  just scrap unless it is organized functionally and
  supported by appropriate systems of operation and
  maintenance. At the empirical level Clark shows how
(40) a change at the telephone exchange from
  maintenance-intensive electromechanical switches
  to semielectronic switching systems altered work
  tasks, skills, training opportunities, administration,
  and organization of workers. Some changes Clark
(45) attributes to the particular way management and
  labor unions negotiated the introduction of the
  technology, whereas others are seen as arising from
  the capabilities and nature of the technology itself.
  Thus Clark helps answer the question: “When is
(50) social choice decisive and when are the concrete
  characteristics of technology more important?”


题目：

The author of the passage uses the expression “are supposed to” in line 25 primarily in order to

选项:

A、suggest that a contention made by constructivists regarding determinists is inaccurate
B、define the generally accepted position of determinists regarding the implementation of technology
C、engage in speculation about the motivation of determinists
D、lend support to a comment critical of the position of determinists
E、contrast the historical position of determinists with their position regarding the exchange modernization

答案:

A
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[Reading Comprehension]

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Line         In 1955 Maurice Duverger published The Political
  Role of Women, the first behavioralist, multinational
  comparison of women’s electoral participation ever to
  use election data and survey data together.
(5) His study analyzed women’s patterns of voting,
  political candidacy, and political activism in four
  European countries during the first half of the
  twentieth century. Duverger’s research findings
  were that women voted somewhat less frequently
(10) than men (the difference narrowing the longer
  women had the vote) and were slightly more
  conservative.
       Duverger’s work set an early standard for the
  sensitive analysis of women’s electoral activities.
(15) Moreover, to Duverger’s credit, he placed his
  findings in the context of many of the historical
  processes that had shaped these activities.
  However, since these contexts have changed over
  time, Duverger’s approach has proved more durable
(20) than his actual findings. In addition, Duverger’s
  discussion of his findings was hampered by his failure
  to consider certain specific factors important to
  women’s electoral participation at the time he
  collected his data: the influence of political regimes,
(25) the effects of economic factors, and the
  ramifications of political and social relations between
  women and men. Given this failure, Duverger’s
  study foreshadowed the enduring limitations of the
  behavioralist approach to the multinational study of
(30) women’s political participation.


题目：

The passage implies that, in comparing four European countries, Duverger found that the voting rates of women and men were most different in the country in which women

选项:

A、were most politically active
B、ran for office most often
C、held the most conservative political views
D、had the most egalitarian relations with men
E、had possessed the right to vote for the shortest time

答案:

E
1答疑

[Critical Reasoning]

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题目：

All intelligent people are nearsighted. I am very nearsighted. So I must be a genius.
Which one of the following exhibits both of the logical flaws exhibited in the argument above?

选项:

A、A. I must be stupid because all intelligent people are nearsighted and I have perfect eyesight.
B、B. All chickens have beaks. This bird has a beak. So this bird must be a chicken.
C、C. All pigs have four legs, but this spider has eight legs. So this spider must be twice as big as any pig.
D、D. John is extremely happy, so he must be extremely tall because all tall people are happy.
E、E. All geniuses are very nearsighted. I must be very nearsighted since I am a genius.

答案:

D
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[Sentence Correction]

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题目：

In attempting to solve the problems caused by a lowering of the price of oil, oil companies operating in the North Sea have taken a variety of approaches, which includes their reducing employment, using new technology to pump oil more efficiently from smaller fields, and finding innovative ways to cut the cost of building and operating platforms.

选项:

A、which includes their reducing employment, using new technology to pump oil more efficiently
B、which includes reducing employment, using new technology to be more efficient in pumping oil
C、which include reducing employment, using new technology to pump oil more efficiently
D、which include the reduction of employment, their using new technology to pump oil more efficient
E、including a reduction of employment, their use of new technology to be more efficient at pumping oil

答案:

C
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[Reading Comprehension]

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题目：

In the context of the passage as a whole, the second paragraph serves primarily to

选项:

A、provide an example to support the argument presented in the first paragraph
B、evaluate various strategies discussed in the first paragraph
C、introduce evidence that undermines the argument presented in the first paragraph
D、anticipate possible objections to the argument presented in the first paragraph
E、demonstrate the potential dangers of a commonly used strategy

答案:

A
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Line         Milankovitch proposed in the early twentieth
  century that the ice ages were caused by variations
  in the Earth’s orbit around the Sun. For some time
  this theory was considered untestable, largely
(5) because there was no sufficiently precise
  chronology of the ice ages with which the orbital
  variations could be matched.
       To establish such a chronology it is necessary to
  determine the relative amounts of land ice that
(10) existed at various times in the Earth’s past. A
  recent discovery makes such a determination
  possible: relative land-ice volume for a given period
  can be deduced from the ratio of two oxygen
  isotopes, 16 and 18, found in ocean sediments.
(15) Almost all the oxygen in water is oxygen 16, but a
  few molecules out of every thousand incorporate the
  heavier isotope 18. When an ice age begins, the
  continental ice sheets grow, steadily reducing the
  amount of water evaporated from the ocean that
(20) will eventually return to it. Because heavier
  isotopes tend to be left behind when water
  evaporates from the ocean surfaces, the remaining
  ocean water becomes progressively enriched in
  oxygen 18. The degree of enrichment can be
(25) determined by analyzing ocean sediments of the
  period, because these sediments are composed of
  calcium carbonate shells of marine organisms,
  shells that were constructed with oxygen atoms
  drawn from the surrounding ocean. The higher the
(30) ratio of oxygen 18 to oxygen 16 in a sedimentary
  specimen, the more land ice there was when the
  sediment was laid down.
       As an indicator of shifts in the Earth’s climate,
  the isotope record has two advantages. First, it is a
(35) global record: there is remarkably little variation in
  isotope ratios in sedimentary specimens taken from
  different continental locations. Second, it is a
  more continuous record than that taken from rocks
  on land. Because of these advantages, sedimentary
(40) evidence can be dated with sufficient accuracy
  by radiometric methods to establish a precise
  chronology of the ice ages. The dated isotope
  record shows that the fluctuations in global ice
  volume over the past several hundred thousand
(45) years have a pattern: an ice age occurs roughly once
  every 100,000 years. These data have established
  a strong connection between variations in the Earth’s
  orbit and the periodicity of the ice ages.
       However, it is important to note that other
(50) factors, such as volcanic particulates or variations
  in the amount of sunlight received by the Earth,
  could potentially have affected the climate. The
  advantage of the Milankovitch theory is that it
  is testable; changes in the Earth’s orbit can be
(55) calculated and dated by applying Newton’s laws of
  gravity to progressively earlier configurations of the
  bodies in the solar system. Yet the lack of
  information about other possible factors affecting
  global climate does not make them unimportant.


题目：

It can be inferred from the passage that calcium carbonate shells

选项:

A、are not as susceptible to deterioration as rocks
B、are less common in sediments formed during an ice age
C、are found only in areas that were once covered by land ice
D、contain radioactive material that can be used to determine a sediment’s isotopic composition
E、reflect the isotopic composition of the water at the time the shells were formed

答案:

E
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[Reading Comprehension]

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文章：

Jon Clark’s study of the effect of the modernization of a telephone exchange on exchange maintenance work and workers is a solid contribution to a debate that encompasses two lively issues in the history and sociology of technology: technological determinism and social constructivism.

Clark makes the point that the characteristics of a technology have a decisive influence on job skills and work organization. Put more strongly, technology can be a primary determinant of social and managerial organization. Clark believes this possibility has been obscured by the recent sociological fashion, exemplified by Braverman’s analysis, that emphasizes the way machinery reflects social choices. For Braverman, the shape of a technological system is subordinate to the manager’s desire to wrest control of the labor process from the workers. Technological change is construed as the outcome of negotiations among interested parties who seek to incorporate their own interests into the design and con

题目：

Which of the following statements about Clark’s study of the telephone exchange can be inferred from information in the passage?

选项:

A、Clark's reason for undertaking the study was to undermine Braverman's analysis of the function of technology.Clark's study suggests that the implementation of technology should be discussed in the context of conflict between labor and management.
B、Clark examined the impact of changes in the technology of switching at the exchange in terms of overall operations and organization.
C、Clark concluded that the implementation of new switching technology was equally beneficial to management and labor.
D、Clark's analysis of the change in switching systems applies only narrowly to the situation at the particular exchange that he studied.

答案:

C
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[Sentence Correction]

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题目：

The Baldrick Manufacturing Company has for several years followed a policy aimed at decreasing operating costs and improving the efficiency of its distribution system.

选项:

A、aimed at decreasing operating costs and improvingaimed at the decreasing of operating costs and to improve
B、aiming at the decreasing of operating costs and improving
C、the aim of which is the decreasing of operating costs and improving
D、with the aim to decrease operating costs and to improve

答案:

A
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[Critical Reasoning]

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题目：

An overly centralized economy, not the changes in the climate, is responsible for the poor agricultural production in Country X since its new government came to power. Neighboring Country Y has experienced the same climatic conditions, but while agricultural production has been falling in Country X, it has been rising in Country Y.

Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument above?

选项:

A、Industrial production also is declining in Country X.
B、Whereas Country Y is landlocked, Country X has a major seaport.
C、Both Country X and Country Y have been experiencing drought conditions.
D、The crops that have always been grown in Country X are different from those that have always been grown in Country Y.
E、Country X's new government instituted a centralized economy with the intention of ensuring an equitable distribution of goods.

答案:

D
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文章：

Line        When asteroids collide, some collisions cause
 an asteroid to spin faster; others slow it down. If
 asteroids are all monoliths—single rocks—undergoing
 random collisions, a graph of their rotation rates
(5)should show a bell-shaped distribution with statistical
 “tails” of very fast and very slow rotators. If asteroids
 are rubble piles, however, the tail representing the
 very fast rotators would be missing, because any
 loose aggregate spinning faster than once every few
(10)hours (depending on the asteroid’s bulk density)
 would fly apart. Researchers have discovered that
 all but five observed asteroids obey a strict limit on
 rate of rotation. The exceptions are all smaller than
 200 meters in diameter, with an abrupt cutoff for
(15)asteroids larger than that.
      The evident conclusion—that asteroids larger than
 200 meters across are multicomponent structures
 or rubble piles—agrees with recent computer modeling
 of collisions, which also finds a transition at that
(20)diameter. A collision can blast a large asteroid to bits,
 but after the collision those bits will usually move
 slower than their mutual escape velocity. Over several
 hours, gravity will reassemble all but the fastest
 pieces into a rubble pile. Because collisions among
(25)asteroids are relatively frequent, most large bodies
 have already suffered this fate. Conversely, most
 small asteroids should be monolithic, because impact
 fragments easily escape their feeble gravity.


题目：

According to the passage, which of the following is a prediction that is based on the strength of the gravitational attraction of small asteroids?

选项:

答案:

B
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1931浏览

[Undefined]

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Art historian: Unlike many artistic traditions that sought to depict plants native to the local area in a seasonally appropriate way (for example, depicting scenes of spring with the plants in the appropriate stages of development for that season), seventeenth-century Dutch artists specializing in flower paintings almost exclusively chose to depict exotic species of flowers from outside the local area. Painting such species was worthwhile primarily because the art-buying public had developed a strong preference for images of the exotic. The great botanical centers of the time gave the artists direct access to such flowers, which the artists would freely combine in a single painting, regardless of whether the combined species occurred together in the wild, and depicted each in full bloom, regardless of whether those species bloomed at the same time in nature.

Statement: The art historian makes the point that the species of flowers these Dutch artists chose to paint were 1 largely because the species were 2 .

Select for 1 and for 2 the options that complete the statement so that it is most strongly supported by the information provided. Make only two selections, one in each column.
我选的CE，和EC有什么区别？怎么选出EC的？
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5019浏览

[Undefined]

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An unusually severe winter occurred in Europe after the continent was blanketed by a blue haze resulting from the eruption of the Laki Volcano in the European republic of Iceland in the summer of 1984.  Thus, it is evident that major eruptions cause the atmosphere to become cooler than it would be otherwise.
Which of the following statements, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?
C选项为什么就不会有张冠李戴的问题呢，1984和1982的气候情况能一样吗，C里的火山就可以试用于原文的火山吗
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5705浏览

[Undefined]

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The rate of a certain chemical reaction is directly proportional to the square of the concentration of chemical A present and inversely proportional to the concentration of chemical B present. If the concentration of chemical B is increased by 100 percent, which of the following is closest to the percent change in the concentration of chemical A required to keep the reaction rate unchanged?
为什么这个题一定是相乘不能是相加呢？y=k1A方-k2B （k1,k2大于0 ），也满足题目说的与A方成正比与B成反比啊？但是这道题只有相乘的情况才能选出正确答案
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1911浏览

[Undefined]

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Tiger beetles are such fast runners that they can capture virtually any nonflying insect.  However, when running toward an insect, the beetles intermittently stop, and then, a moment later, resume their attack.  Perhaps they cannot maintain their pace and must pause for a moment's rest; but an alternative hypothesis is that while running tiger beetles are unable to process the resulting rapidly changing visual information, and so quickly go blind and stop.
 
Which of the following, if discovered in experiments using artificially moved prey insects, would support one of the two hypotheses and undermine the other?
答案C是怎么支持一个猜想又削弱另一个猜想的？
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4129浏览

[GWD]

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The author of the passage implies that which of the following is a possible partial explanation for acquisition behavior during the 1970's and 1980's?
请解释这道题为什么不选C或E，除了正确选项B，我认为文中也正确地提到了这两个选项可以解释acquisition behavior during 1970s and 80s
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2894浏览

[OG]

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The primary purpose of the passage is to
为什么选E不选B
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1913浏览

[Undefined]

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Club X has more than 10 but fewer than 40 members. Sometimes the members sit at tables with 3 members at one table and 4 members at each of the other tables, and sometimes they sit at tables with 3 members at one table and 5 members at each of the other tables. If they sit at tables with 6 members at each table except one and fewer than 6 members at that one table, how many members will be at the table that has fewer than 6 members?
提问小梅老师 这道题求讲一下 我没什么思路 带入数字得的是3
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2002浏览

[Undefined]

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A photography dealer ordered 60 Model X cameras to be sold for $250 each, which represents a 20 percent markup over the dealer's initial cost for each camera. Of the cameras ordered, 6 were never sold and were returned to the manufacturer for a refund of 50 percent of the dealer's initial cost. What was the dealer's approximate profit or loss as a percent of the dealer's initial cost for the 60 cameras?
请问小梅老师 这道题讲讲一下 我算的是19% 原来成本是200每个 亏了6个 每个亏100. 最后得不出答案
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426841浏览

[Undefined]

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Analytical!
请问may老师，这题该用什么思路来做？
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433979浏览

[Undefined]

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Analytical!
请问张老师，这道题为什么D不对？我有我觉得second paragraph最后一句话特别指向D
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