The term "episodic memory" was introduced by Tulving to refer to what he considered a uniquely human capacity-the ability to recollect specific past events, to travel back into the past in one's own mind-as distinct from the capacity simply to use information acquired through past experiences. Subsequently, Clayton et al. developed criteria to test for episodic memory in animals. According to these criteria, episodic memories are not of individual bits of information; they involvemultiple components of a single event "bound" together. Clayton sought to examine evidence of scrub jays' accurate memory of "what," "where," and "when" information and their binding of this information. In the wild, these birds store food for retrieval later during periods of food scarcity. Clayton's experiment required jays to remember the type, location, and freshness of stored food based on a unique learning event. Crickets were stored in one location and peanuts in another. Jays prefer crickets, but crickets degrade more quickly. Clayton's birds switched their preference from crickets to peanuts once the food had been stored for a certain length of time, showing that they retain information about the what, the where, and the when. Such experiments cannot, however, reveal whether the birds were reexperiencing the past when retrieving the information. Clayton acknowledged this by using the term "episodic-like" memory.

Line	The argument for “monetizing”—or putting a
	monetary value on—ecosystem functions may be
	stated thus: Concern about the depletion of natural
	resources is widespread, but this concern, in the
(5)	absence of an economic argument for conservation,
	has not translated into significant conservational
	progress. Some critics blame this impasse on
	environmentalists, whom they believe fail to address
	the economic issues of environmental degradation.
(10)	Conservation can appear unprofitable when compared
	with the economic returns derived from converting
	natural assets (pristine coastlines, for example) into
	explicitly commercial ones (such as resort hotels).
	But according to David Pearce, that illusion stems
(15)	from the fact that “services” provided by ecological
	systems are not traded on the commodities market,
	and thus have no readily quantifiable value. To
	remedy this, says Pearce, one has to show that all
	ecosystems have economic value—indeed, that all
(20)	ecological services are economic services. Tourists
	visiting wildlife preserves, for example, create
	jobs and generate income for national economies;
	undisturbed forests and wetlands regulate water
	runoff and act as water-purifying systems, saving
(25)	millions of dollars worth of damage to property
	and to marine ecosystems. In Gretchen Daily’s
	view, monetization, while unpopular with many
	environmentalists, reflects the dominant role that
	economic considerations play in human behavior,
(30)	and the expression of economic value in a common
	currency helps inform environmental decision-making
	processes.