Line	In a 1918 editorial, W. E. B. Du Bois advised African
	Americans to stop agitating for equality and to
	proclaim their solidarity with White Americans for
	the duration of the First World War. The editorial
(5)	surprised many African Americans who viewed
	Du Bois as an uncompromising African American
	leader and a chief opponent of the accommodationist
	tactics urged by Booker T. Washington. In fact,
	however, Du Bois often shifted positions along the
(10)	continuum between Washington and
	confrontationists such as William Trotter. In 1895,
	when Washington called on African Americans to
	concentrate on improving their communities instead
	of opposing discrimination and agitating for political
(15)	rights, Du Bois praised Washington’s speech. In
	1903, however, Du Bois aligned himself with Trotter,
	Washington’s militant opponent, less for ideological
	reasons than because Trotter had described to him
	Washington’s efforts to silence those in the African
(20)	American press who opposed Washington’s
	positions.
	Du Bois’s wartime position thus reflected not a
	change in his long-term goals but rather a
	pragmatic response in the face of social pressures:
(25)	government officials had threatened African
	American journalists with censorship if they
	continued to voice grievances. Furthermore,
	Du Bois believed that African Americans’
	contributions to past war efforts had brought them
(30)	some legal and political advances. Du Bois’s
	accommodationism did not last, however. Upon
	learning of systematic discrimination experienced
	by African Americans in the military, he called on
	them to “return fighting” from the war.

    Behavior science courses should be gaining prominence in business school curricula. Recent theoretical work convincingly shows why behavioral factors such as organizational culture and employee relations are among the few remaining sources of sustainable competitive advantage in modern organizations. Furthermore, empirical evidence demonstrates clear linkages between human resource (HR) practices based in the behavioral sciences and various aspects of a firm's financial success. Additionally, some of the world's most successful organizations have made unique HR practices a core element of their overall business strategies.

    Yet the behavior sciences are struggling for credibility in many business schools. Surveys show that business students often regard behavioral studies as peripheral to the mainstream business curriculum. This perception can be explained by the fact that business students, hoping to increase their attractiveness to prospective employers, are highly sensitive to business norms and practices, and current business practices have generally been moving away from an emphasis on understanding human behavior and toward more mechanistic organizational models. Furthermore, the status of HR professionals within organizations tends to be lower than that of other executives. Students' perceptions would matter less if business schools were not increasingly dependent on external funding—form legislatures, businesses, and private foundations-for survival. Concerned with their institutions' ability to attract funding, administrators are increasingly targeting low-enrollment courses and degree programs for elimination.

    Scientists generally credit violent collisions between tectonic plates, the mobile fragments of Earth's rocky outer shell, with sculpting the planet's surface, as, for example, when what is now the Indian subcontinent collided with Asia, producing the Himalayan Mountains. However, plate tectonics cannot fully explain certain massive surface features, such as the "superswell" of southern Africa, a vast plateau over 1,000 miles across and nearly a mile high. Geologic evidence shows that southern African has been slowly rising for the past 100 million years, yet it has not experienced a tectonic collision for nearly 400 million years.The explanation may be in Earth's mantle, the layer of rock underlying the tectonic plates and extending down over 1,800 miles to the outer edge of Earth's iron core.

    Since the early twentieth century, geophysicists have understood that the mantle churns and roils like a thick soup. The relative low density of the hottest rock makes that material buoyant, so it slowly ascends, while cooler, denser rock sinks until heat escaping the molten core warms it enough to make it rise again. While this process of convection was known to enable the horizontal movement of tectonic plates, until recently geophysicists were skeptical of its ability to lift or lower the planet's surface vertically. However, recent technological advances have allowed geophysicists to make three-dimensional "snapshots" of the mantle by measuring vibrations, or seismic waves, set in motion by earthquakes originating in the planet's outer shell and recording the time it takes for them to travel from an earthquake's epicenter to a particular recording station at the surface. Because geophysicists know that seismic waves become sluggish in hot, low-density rock, and speed up in colder, denser regions, they can now infer the temperatures and densities in a given segment of the interior. By compiling a map of seismic velocities from thousands of earthquakes across the globe, they can also begin to map temperatures and densities throughout the mantle. These methods have revealed some unexpectedly immense formations in the deepest parts of the mantle; the largest of these is a buoyant mass of hot rock directly below Africa's southern tip. Dis-pelling researchers' initial doubts, computer models have confirmed that this formation is buoyant enough to rise slowly within the mantle and strong enough to push Africa upward as it rises.

    Although many lines of evidence indicate that birds evolved from ground-dwelling theropod dinosaurs, some scientists remain unconvinced. They argue that theropods appeared too late to have given rise to birds, noting that Archaeopteryx litho graphica-the oldest known bird-appears in the fossil record about 150 million years ago, whereas the fossil remains of various nonavian maniraptor theropods-the closest known relatives of birds-date only to about 115 million years ago. But investigators have now uncovered bones that evidently belong to nonavian maniraptors dating to the time of Archaeopteryx. In any case, failure to find fossils of a predicted kind does not rule out their existence in an undiscovered deposit.Skeptics also argue that the fused clavicles (the "wishbone") of birds differ from the unfused clavicles of theropods. This objection was reasonable when only early theropod clavicles had been discovered, but fossilized theropod clavicles that look just like the wishbone of Archaeopteryx have now been unearthed. Finally, some scientists argue that the complex lungs of birds could not have evolved from theropod lungs, an assertion that cannot be supported or falsified at the moment, because no fossil lungs are preserved in the paleontological record.