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[Reading Comprehension]
试题详情
文章：
Jon Clark’s study of the effect of the modernization of a telephone exchange on exchange maintenance work and workers is a solid contribution to a debate that encompasses two lively issues in the history and sociology of technology: technological determinism and social constructivism.
Clark makes the point that the characteristics of a technology have a decisive influence on job skills and work organization. Put more strongly, technology can be a primary determinant of social and managerial organization. Clark believes this possibility has been obscured by the recent sociological fashion, exemplified by Braverman’s analysis, that emphasizes the way machinery reflects social choices. For Braverman, the shape of a technological system is subordinate to the manager’s desire to wrest control of the labor process from the workers. Technological change is construed as the outcome of negotiations among interested parties who seek to incorporate their own interests into the design and configuration of the machinery. This position represents the new mainstream called social constructivism.
The constructivists gain acceptance by misrepresenting technological determinism: technological determinists are supposed to believe, for example, that machinery imposes appropriate forms of order on society. The alternative to constructivism, in other words, is to view technology as existing outside society, capable of directly influencing skills and work organization.
Clark refutes the extremes of the constructivists by both theoretical and empirical arguments. Theoretically he defines "technology" in terms of relationships between social and technical variables. Attempts to reduce the meaning of technology to cold, hard metal are bound to fail, for machinery is just scrap unless it is organized functionally and supported by appropriate systems of operation and maintenance. At the empirical level Clark shows how a change at the telephone exchange from maintenance-intensive electromechanical switches to semi-electronic switching systems altered work tasks, skills, training opportunities, administration, and organization of workers. Some changes Clark attributes to the particular way management and labor unions negotiated the introduction of the technology, whereas others are seen as arising from the capabilities and nature of the technology itself. Thus Clark helps answer the question: "When is social choice decisive and when are the concrete characteristics of technology more important?"
Clark makes the point that the characteristics of a technology have a decisive influence on job skills and work organization. Put more strongly, technology can be a primary determinant of social and managerial organization. Clark believes this possibility has been obscured by the recent sociological fashion, exemplified by Braverman’s analysis, that emphasizes the way machinery reflects social choices. For Braverman, the shape of a technological system is subordinate to the manager’s desire to wrest control of the labor process from the workers. Technological change is construed as the outcome of negotiations among interested parties who seek to incorporate their own interests into the design and configuration of the machinery. This position represents the new mainstream called social constructivism.
The constructivists gain acceptance by misrepresenting technological determinism: technological determinists are supposed to believe, for example, that machinery imposes appropriate forms of order on society. The alternative to constructivism, in other words, is to view technology as existing outside society, capable of directly influencing skills and work organization.
Clark refutes the extremes of the constructivists by both theoretical and empirical arguments. Theoretically he defines "technology" in terms of relationships between social and technical variables. Attempts to reduce the meaning of technology to cold, hard metal are bound to fail, for machinery is just scrap unless it is organized functionally and supported by appropriate systems of operation and maintenance. At the empirical level Clark shows how a change at the telephone exchange from maintenance-intensive electromechanical switches to semi-electronic switching systems altered work tasks, skills, training opportunities, administration, and organization of workers. Some changes Clark attributes to the particular way management and labor unions negotiated the introduction of the technology, whereas others are seen as arising from the capabilities and nature of the technology itself. Thus Clark helps answer the question: "When is social choice decisive and when are the concrete characteristics of technology more important?"
题目：
The primary purpose of the passage is to
选项:
A、advocate a more positive attitude toward technological changediscuss the implications for employees of the modernization of a telephone exchange
B、consider a successful challenge to the constructivist view of technological change
C、challenge the position of advocates of technological determinism
D、suggest that the social causes of technological change should be studied in real situations
答案:
C
提问：
请教张慧雯老师，第一段说这个人study 对debate 很有贡献，然后就说他怎么实验的，第三段说c得到了接受，最后一段说这个人从理论和e的方面进行了驳斥。先排除be，不知道acd里面如何抉择，尤其是cd之间。请老师指出我的问题。
解答：
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阅读2737
提问：
请教张慧雯老师，第一段说这个人study 对debate 很有贡献，然后就说他怎么实验的，第三段说c得到了接受，最后一段说这个人从理论和e的方面进行了驳斥。先排除be，不知道acd里面如何抉择，尤其是cd之间。请老师指出我的问题。
解答：
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阅读2738
提问：
请郭培月老师帮我分析一下这篇文章的框架和逻辑脉络，然后说下这道题，我是选的E。
解答：
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提问：
通篇扫了一下，感觉好多都是细节，不知道该如何获取文章脉络，麻烦老师带着跳读一下。
解答：
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提问：
这题在AC之间犹豫了一下，A文章里没明说乐观，C我也没读明白怎么就成功challenge了内东西。。。
后来我选了A，因为是阅读题。。。。
之前的录音木有听懂，求再讲一次~~~~~
解答：
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阅读3587
提问：
老师，之前答疑都是选项，请问根据outline来的话应如何进行吗？请问在C\D中应如何选择？
解答：
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