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[Reading Comprehension]
试题详情
文章：
Jon Clark’s study of the effect of the modernization of a telephone exchange on exchange maintenance work and workers is a solid contribution to a debate that encompasses two lively issues in the history and sociology of technology: technological determinism and social constructivism.
Clark makes the point that the characteristics of a technology have a decisive influence on job skills and work organization. Put more strongly, technology can be a primary determinant of social and managerial organization. Clark believes this possibility has been obscured by the recent sociological fashion, exemplified by Braverman’s analysis, that emphasizes the way machinery reflects social choices. For Braverman, the shape of a technological system is subordinate to the manager’s desire to wrest control of the labor process from the workers. Technological change is construed as the outcome of negotiations among interested parties who seek to incorporate their own interests into the design and configuration of the machinery. This position represents the new mainstream called social constructivism.
The constructivists gain acceptance by misrepresenting technological determinism: technological determinists are supposed to believe, for example, that machinery imposes appropriate forms of order on society. The alternative to constructivism, in other words, is to view technology as existing outside society, capable of directly influencing skills and work organization.
Clark refutes the extremes of the constructivists by both theoretical and empirical arguments. Theoretically he defines "technology" in terms of relationships between social and technical variables. Attempts to reduce the meaning of technology to cold, hard metal are bound to fail, for machinery is just scrap unless it is organized functionally and supported by appropriate systems of operation and maintenance. At the empirical level Clark shows how a change at the telephone exchange from maintenance-intensive electromechanical switches to semi-electronic switching systems altered work tasks, skills, training opportunities, administration, and organization of workers. Some changes Clark attributes to the particular way management and labor unions negotiated the introduction of the technology, whereas others are seen as arising from the capabilities and nature of the technology itself. Thus Clark helps answer the question: "When is social choice decisive and when are the concrete characteristics of technology more important?"
Clark makes the point that the characteristics of a technology have a decisive influence on job skills and work organization. Put more strongly, technology can be a primary determinant of social and managerial organization. Clark believes this possibility has been obscured by the recent sociological fashion, exemplified by Braverman’s analysis, that emphasizes the way machinery reflects social choices. For Braverman, the shape of a technological system is subordinate to the manager’s desire to wrest control of the labor process from the workers. Technological change is construed as the outcome of negotiations among interested parties who seek to incorporate their own interests into the design and configuration of the machinery. This position represents the new mainstream called social constructivism.
The constructivists gain acceptance by misrepresenting technological determinism: technological determinists are supposed to believe, for example, that machinery imposes appropriate forms of order on society. The alternative to constructivism, in other words, is to view technology as existing outside society, capable of directly influencing skills and work organization.
Clark refutes the extremes of the constructivists by both theoretical and empirical arguments. Theoretically he defines "technology" in terms of relationships between social and technical variables. Attempts to reduce the meaning of technology to cold, hard metal are bound to fail, for machinery is just scrap unless it is organized functionally and supported by appropriate systems of operation and maintenance. At the empirical level Clark shows how a change at the telephone exchange from maintenance-intensive electromechanical switches to semi-electronic switching systems altered work tasks, skills, training opportunities, administration, and organization of workers. Some changes Clark attributes to the particular way management and labor unions negotiated the introduction of the technology, whereas others are seen as arising from the capabilities and nature of the technology itself. Thus Clark helps answer the question: "When is social choice decisive and when are the concrete characteristics of technology more important?"
题目：
The information in the passage suggests that Clark believes that which of the following would be true if social constructivism had not gained widespread acceptance?
选项:
A、Businesses would be more likely to modernize without considering the social consequences of their actions.There would be greater understanding of the role played by technology in producing social change.
B、Businesses would be less likely to understand the attitudes of employees affected by modernization.
C、Modernization would have occurred at a slower rate.
D、Technology would have played a greater part in determining the role of business in society.
答案:
B
提问：
不知道为什么选B，文章中找不到对应点
解答：
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提问：
感谢老师清晰的讲解，但是这个题您讲完后我还是没有明白，所以麻烦您或其他老师再解答一下。既然说SC没有获得acceptance，Clark可能支持啥，那么我从定位上来说这个段落得出现SC与Clark，第三段没有Clark的观点，所以为什么非要取非后说Clark支持这个观点？此外，我前一个问题的重点是我自己找的那句话翻译过来跟题目说的也是一个意思，但是它更具体，说的是SC在fashion时，Clark的一个观点被obscured了，出现了SC与Clark，也说了SC的fashion对Clark观点的影响，所以我觉得这句话可以更好地扣这道题。但是为什么这句话不行？第三段的那句话却可以？这个您在上一次讲解中没有回答我，希望能在本次提问中予以解答。谢谢老师！
解答：
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提问：
这道题我选的E。原因如下：题目问的是如果sc未获得widespread acceptance，JC应该认为啥？我觉得这个题问的是JC的观点与sc观点的比较，所以定位在了第二段中的Clark makes the point that the characteristics of a technology have a decisive influence on job skills and work organization. Put more strongly, technology can be a primary determinant of social and managerial organization. Clark believes this possibility has been obscured by the recent sociological fashion, exemplified by Braverman’s analysis, that emphasizes the way machinery reflects social choices. 个人认为，recent sociological fashion也是gain widespread acceptance的一种表达，在这里JC认为科技是social and managerial organization的核心决定要素，但是这个观点被sociological fashion obscured。我觉得这句话跟这道题目特别符匹配，因此我选了可以概括这句话的E。我在BE中犹豫了很久，未选B的理由是第三段中未出现JC以及其观点，因此我觉得B并不合适。希望老师能驳斥我的想法并帮我纠正做题思路，谢谢！
解答：
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提问：
不知道为什么选B，文章中找不到对应点
解答：
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提问：
根据问题，在文章第一段找到了问题核心词social constructivism的两处。分别在第6行和第一段结尾。第6行只是提出这个概念，而最后一行具体解释了。所以重点关注最后一行。由this得知social constructivism来源于一种position.这种poisition指的是技术的改革来自于不同利益群体的谈判。
然后看选项，
A 感觉方向不对
B感觉我读到的没有提到
C感觉不错
D没有提到
E感觉也没有提到
请问老师，是我定位错误还是其他原因呢?
解答：
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